![]() Recognizing that international associations are generally confronting world problems and developing action strategies based on particular values, the initial content was based on the descriptions, aims, titles and profiles of international associations.The claim by the United States to a right of what has come to be known as “preemptive selfdefense” has provoked deep anxiety and soul-searching among the members of the college of international lawyers. UIA’s decades of collected data on the enormous variety of association life provided a broad initial perspective on the myriad problems of humanity. The initial content for the Encyclopedia was seeded from UIA’s Yearbook of International Organizations. By concentrating on these links and relationships, the Encyclopedia is uniquely positioned to bring focus to the complex and expansive sphere of global issues and their interconnected nature. These connections are based on a range of relationships such as broader and narrower scope, aggravation, relatedness and more. It is currently published as a searchable online platform with profiles of world problems, action strategies, and human values that are interlinked in novel and innovative ways. The Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential is a unique, experimental research work of the Union of International Associations. ![]() In 1994 it was expected that of 2,200 senior Eurocrats, 370 would require positive vetting, even though staff regulations already provide for dismissal in the event of violations of security. International institutions such as those of the European Union are obliged to take steps to counter espionage activity because they increasingly deal with certain forms of classified information, such as the security police of member states or information on terrorist threat, where unauthorized disclosure would damage the interests of member states. This initiative is a response to alleged increases in industrial espionage by foreign intelligence organizations. In this way companies in the USA would be assisted in their role of combating foreign competition. Such information would include the commercial secrets of foreign corporations. In 1993 following the collapse of the USSR, the USA reviewed the possibility of passing information, gathered for traditional purposes of national security, on to private corporations or individuals who could make use of it for their own advantage as economic intelligence. Of a peculiar nature unto themselves are systems of espionage orchestrated in the Vatican and by some Protestant sects based in the USA. Espionage, if not global due to its high costs, or the lack of interest in some areas, exists both in the North and the South, and is mounted by countries that may be called developed or socialist. ![]() Increasingly the reasons for spying for a foreign power are financial and revenge rather than ideological. In the same period the former KGB and other East block intelligence services have increased their efforts to obtain Western technology for modernizing the Soviet economy and information about Western intentions. This amount corresponds approximately to federal spending in the USA on education and the environmental issues together. In 1994 the annual budget for the intelligence community of the USA was reported to be US$28.5 billion of which some US$3 billion went to the CIA and the remainder to military and satellite intelligence. In the USA in 1990, a record budget of $30 billion was called for classified intelligence, of which more than half the funds would be allocated to intelligence gathering in Eastern Europe despite the moves towards democracy. Following the collapse of the USSR, it is believed that these figures were underestimated. IN 1986 it was estimated that the world's intelligence services collectively employed some 2 million people at a cost of over £18 billion.
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